温度及总固体浓度对粪秆混合发酵产气特性的影响

为探索温度、发酵料液总固体浓度和产气量之间的关系,确定最佳发酵温度以及进料量,通过自行研究设计的可控性恒温发酵装置,以5℃为梯度在20～40℃温度范围内,设置以4%为梯度,质量分数为4%～20%的5个总固体浓度,以鸡粪和玉米秆2∶1（干物质量比）混合物为发酵原料,以常温厌氧发酵池的底物为接种物,进行批量厌氧消化试验,研究不同总固体浓度的发酵原料在不同温度下的厌氧发酵效果。结果显示,各总固体浓度发酵料液的产气速率均随着发酵温度的升高而加快;随总固体浓度增大,发酵料液产沼气的最适温度范围也随之扩大;各总固体浓度发酵料液的干物质产气率在5个温度的平均值依次为料液总固体质量分数8%＞20%＞16%＞12%＞4%;鸡粪和玉米秆2∶1混合原料厌氧发酵的理论最优总固体质量分数及发酵温度值分别为14.6%,32.8℃。可以看出,发酵料液浓度并不是越高越好,不同的温度有其最适的浓度或浓度范围。     

基于时序归一化植被指数的冬小麦收获指数空间信息提取

为获取农作物收获指数（HI）空间分布信息,该研究充分利用遥感技术,以冬小麦为例,利用时序归一化植被指数NDVI构成的作物生长过程曲线提取MODIS NDVI阶段性累积特征参数,并用生殖生长关键阶段和营养生长关键阶段对应的NDVI累积参数比值HINDVI_SUM构建了用于反演冬小麦收获指数的参数,并建立了参数HINDVI_SUM与冬小麦实测收获指数的定量关系,利用上述定量关系实现作物收获指数空间信息的提取。经过对反演冬小麦收获指数的精度验证,结果表明,利用构建参数HINDVI_SUM在区域范围内反演冬小麦收获指数取得了较好的效果。其中,冬小麦收获指数预测的平均相对误差为2.40%,均方根误差（RMSE）为0.02,证明了该研究利用时序NDVI构建参数HINDVI_SUM反演区域冬小麦收获指数空间信息的方法准确性和可行性。     

松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳时空格局

该文基于吉林省第二次全国土壤普查省数据、县级土壤剖面资料和2003－2006年实测数据,估算了不同土壤类型农田表层土壤有机碳密度和储量,并对近25年来土壤有机碳时空变化特征及其原因进行分析。结果表明,总体上松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳密度和储量呈增加趋势。其中,碱土、暗棕壤、黑土和草甸土的土壤有机碳密度增幅分别达33%（4.16 kg/m2）,23.05%（3.79 kg/m2）、16.51%（3.74 kg/m2）和12.20%（3.77 kg/m2）;相反,黑钙土有机碳密度下降幅度达30.79%（2.18 kg/m2）。两时期土壤有机碳密度的空间分布格局基本一致,呈中部高、边缘低的趋势,但25年间土壤有机碳含量变化与1980年初始含量呈显著负相关（r＝-0.615**,P＜0.01）,且4.04 kg/m2是土壤有机碳上升或下降的临界值。根据West等提出的土壤碳汇潜力估算方法,如果保持1980年土地利用方式和传统的栽培耕作措施不变的情况下,松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳的碳汇潜力为0.33 Tg/a。     

蓝粒小麦4Ag染色体的显微分离与鉴定

本研究采用显微分离技术从蓝粒小麦(Triticum aestivum L.(2n=6x=42)×Thinopyrum ponticum Liu &Wang(2n=10x=70))根尖细胞中期分裂相中分离出具有4Ag染色体形态特征的单条染色体,对分离后的细胞进行原位杂交(FISH),结果显示细胞中所剩的和显微分离到的单条染色体均为4Ag染色体.利用Sau3A接头介导的PCR方法对分离出的单条4Ag染色体进行体外扩增,扩增的DNA片段大小约为200～2 000 bp,主要集中在250～750 bp之间.以DIG-dUTP标记的蓝粒基因组DNA为探针,与该扩增产物进行Southern杂交,结果表明显微分离出的染色体得到了有效的扩增.利用该分离染色体的PCR扩增产物为探针,对蓝粒小麦进行原位杂交,证明显微分离的染色体体外扩增片段确实来源于4Ag染色体.本研究拓宽了染色体显微分离的范围,为构建4Ag染色体文库和克隆位于该染色体上的重要农艺性状基因提供了新途径.     

Effects of buckwheat growth on variation of aluminum and major metals in root‐zone soil solutions

The variation in and relationships between aluminum and other major metals including Ca, Mg, Mn, and K in root‐zone soil solutions were studied by growing buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. cv. Jiangxi), an Al accumulator, in pots filled with an acid soil amended with CaCO₃ and unamended controls with a preinstalled nondestructive soil‐solution sampler. Soil solutions were collected every 7 d with a syringe connected to the sampler. The results showed that pH of the soil solution was not the only factor controlling the concentration of Al. Significant positive linear correlations were found between Al and Ca as well as between Al and Mg in soil solutions from the controls. The ratio of base cations (BC, Ca+Mg) to Al might partly explain the high Al resistance of buckwheat. Oxalate secretion from roots significantly activated Al in acid soils, which may be important for changes of Al in soil solutions, but it also caused decreased concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Mn. It is concluded that the variation of metal concentrations including Al, Ca, Mg, and Mn is a holistic effect involving competition for exchange sites among Ca, Mg, H, and Al, the chelation by oxalate secreted from roots, and metal uptake by buckwheat.     

Exploring the effectiveness of in ovo feeding of vitamin C based on the embryonic vitamin C synthesis and absorption in broiler chickens

Background:Many researches about in ovo feeding(IOF)of vitamin C(VC)are gradually carried out to explore physiological development in chicken,but little studies focus on VC synthesis capacity of the embryo itself,the selection of injection site and the effectiveness of IOF of VC.This study aims to explore the above problems.Results:Kidney and yolk sac were the main organs for VC synthesis and L-gulonolactone oxidase(GLO)expression was lower during pre-hatch development than that during post-hatch development.Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1(SVCT1)expression was increased continuously in yolk sac from embryonic age 19(E19)to post-hatch day 1(D1)and in intestine(duodenum,jejunum and ileum)from E17 to D1.Plasma VC content was higher at D1 than that at D21 and D42.IOF of VC significantly reduced GLO expression in liver,kidney and yolk sac as well as SVCT1 expression in duodenum,jejunum and ileum,but increased the VC content in plasma,brain,kidney and liver.In addition,IOF of VC obviously reduced the embryonic morality and increased the hatchability under heat stress.Conclusions:This study suggested that IOF of VC at E11 in yolk was effective for embryonic VC supplementation.These findings provide a theoretical reference about the method of embryonic VC supplementation and effective methodology on embryonic VC nutrition in broiler chickens.     

高产抗稻瘟病杂交籼稻内7优39的选育与应用

内7优39是内江杂交水稻科技开发中心利用优质香型不育系内香7A与优质抗病恢复系内恢2539配制而成的杂交籼稻新组合,2012年通过四川省审定。内7优39在国家、四川省区试和展示示范中表现出综合农艺性状优良、产量高、稻米品质好、再生力强等特点。本文介绍了内7优39的选育经过、主要特征特性及栽培制种技术要点。     

354份小麦种质中抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm13的分布研究

为了解本课题组现有种质资源中抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm13的分布情况,本研究利用共分离分子标记SCAR1400和SCAR564,对收集于全国多个育种单位的354份小麦种质进行检测。结果表明:在检测的354份种质中,携带Pm21的有21份,分别为‘石H083-366’、‘BH50890-1-1’、‘06Y06’、‘南农02Y393’、‘09P80’、‘09P131’、‘09P283’、‘黔麦18号’、‘黔早麦15-3’、‘黔979-1’、‘黔9963-3’、‘黔9961-2’、‘YN06’、‘绵杂麦168’、‘MR168’、‘09品A6’、‘09品E6’、‘内麦836’、‘内麦9号’、‘绵阳39’和‘绵麦367’,检出率为5.9%,其中,8份来源于四川,来源于江苏和贵州的各有5份,河北、陕西和云南的材料中各有1份;仅有1份种质‘中大01’携带Pm13,来源于河南,检出率为0.28%。本研究结果可为抗白粉病基因资源的有效利用提供重要参考依据。     

冬小麦品种‘兰天23号’苗期抗条锈性遗传分析

2014年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所兰州温室,进行了‘兰天23号’/‘铭贤169’组合的亲本及其F1、F2、BC1代对条锈菌主要流行小种CYR32、CYR33及新菌系G22-9的遗传分析。结果表明,接种CYR33,F2代植株抗感分离比为144R∶54S,符合3R∶1S的理论比值;接种CYR32,F2代植株抗感分离比为62R∶22S,符合3R∶1S的理论比值;接种G22-9,F2代植株抗感分离比为85R∶24S,符合3R∶1S的理论比值;F1代植株对供试菌系均表现免疫,BC1代植株抗感分离比均符合1R∶1S的理论比值,表明‘兰天23号’对3个供试条锈菌系的抗病性均由1对显性抗性基因控制。通过系谱分析推知,该抗病基因来源于抗病亲本‘SXAF4-7’。     

轮纹异痂蝗触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了轮纹异痂蝗[Bryodemella tuberculatum dilutum(Stoll)]成虫触角感器的类型和分布。结果表明:轮纹异痂蝗触角为丝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,雄性个体鞭节包括24个亚节,雌性个体鞭节包括23个亚节。雌雄个体均具有12种感受器,即毛形感受器、刺形感受器(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、锥形感受器(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型)、腔锥形感受器、腔形感受器及Bhm氏鬃毛。根据各类感器的形态、分布和显微结构探讨了其可能承担的功能。